Subject: Complex Adaptive Systems

Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) are dynamic, interconnected networks of agents that interact, adapt, and evolve over time. These systems are characterised by decentralisation, self-organisation, and emergent properties that arise from collective interactions rather than central control. Found in planets, natural ecoystems, organisations, communities, families, biological organisms, and the brain, Complex Adaptive Systems operate through feedback loops and exhibit resilience by maintaining balance amid constant change. Their study reveals how diverse, interacting elements can coalesce into harmonious, adaptive, and regenerative outcomes, offering insight across distinct fields.